The Process Of The Declaration Of Independence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 574 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Declaration of Independence Essay Did you like this example? The Declaration of Independence which was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 can be considered as one of the most important document in terms of American history.Because this document proclaimed that Thirteen Colonies were not under British rule any more.Thanks to this statement , colonies united against England and they announced their independence. The process leading up to The Declaration of Independence did not emerge sudden.Many events such as restrictions and rebellions etc. pushed the colonists to a point where they wanted to fight for their independence. Political and economic interference of England and the impact of ?Common Sense ? on the society affected the development of The Declaration of Indipendence. One cause of development of The Declaration of the Independence was political interference of England. Because , first American colonies were established mostly by people who escaped religious pressure of England. These peopl e wanted to have freedom not only about their religious belief but also in their social life.The number of colonies increased and they progressed in time, nonetheless they were still governed by the England.The British government let the colonists govern themselves with little interference until 1760s. 1760s could be thought as a turning point because England increased s interferences in order to maintains control over colonies with strict precautions and various laws.Colonist began to worry about these laws and they felt as these laws threatened their right to govern themselves.The more interferences increased , the more conflicts increased between England and colonists. Consequently ,these disagreements created the idea of seperation from England gradually. Second cause was economic interferences of England.In 1756 a war broke out between Great Britain and France.Great Britain sended troops in order to help American colonies to fight in the war.When war ended ,Engl and needed money to pay its war debts.That is why, The British Parliament decided to tax the American colonies to help pay for the cost of war. They passed a number of laws such as the Sugar Act, Currency Act, and the Stamp Act.Many colonists felt that they had not to pay these taxts , because they were passed by British Parliament not by their colonial governments.Moreover, they had no representative on British Parliament.Colonists protests created a motto No Taxation Without Representation. . Trade restriction laws developed the process of The Declaration of Independence. Third cause was impact of Common Sens on society. Common Sense was a pamphlet which was written by Thomas Paine in the plain and persuasive language in order to be undersood by every people in the society. Thomas Paine writed it in order to encourage the people in the colonies about separation from England.In his pamphlet ,not only critized the British Government but also he explained disadvantages o f being connected with England . He emphasized importance of indipendence and he expained why it was wrong regard as Great Britain as Mother Country.Although there was opposite ideas in the society about separation, pamphlet was adopted by the colonists and united them against England in a little while. Common Sense improved the need of independence. To sum up , the independence process took time.Multiple causes brought about The Declaration of Independence. Political and economic interferences caused various protests. Since colonist began to worry about their rights.Moreover, ?Common Sense influenced the colonists and united them under the common purpose.The idea of independence developed and on July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence proclaimed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Process Of The Declaration Of Independence" essay for you Create order The Process Of The Declaration Of Independence - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 621 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Declaration of Independence Essay Did you like this example? The Declaration of Independence which was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 can be thought as the birth of the United States. Since, Thirteen Colonies not only revealed their main purpose about American Revolutionary War but also they proclaimed their independence. The process leading up to The Declaration of Independence did not emerge overnight.Many years and various events led to colonist fight for their independence. Political interference of Britain , economic laws and the impact of ?Common Sense ? on the society affected the development of The Declaration of Indipendence. One cause which affecteds emergence of The Declaration of the Independence was political interference of Great Britain. Because,first American colonies were established mostly by people who migrated from Britain in order to be more free. The number of colonies increased and they progressed in time, nonetheless they were still governed by the England.The British go vernment let the colonists govern themselves with little interference until 1760s. 1760s could be thought as a turning point because mother country gained vast territory from France after the Seven Years War .However,London officals had no experience managing the territory as vast as acquired from France.That is why England increased s interferences in order to maintains control over colonies with strict precautions and various laws..Colonist began to worry about these laws and they felt as these laws threatened their right to govern themselves. The more political interferences caused the more conflicts between England and colonists .Consequently , these conflicts created the idea of seperation from mother country step by step. Second cause was economic laws.After the Seven Years War Great Britain wideneds borders in the New World.Nevertheless, during the war Britain sended troops in order to help American colonies to fight in the war. When war ended ,England needed mo ney to pay its war debts.That is why, The British Parliament decided to tax the American colonies to help pay for the cost of war. They passed a number of laws such as the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act.While British Parliament believed that they had right to tax colonies because they supported them during the war , many colonists felt that they had not to pay these taxts.Because these laws were passed by British Parliament not by their colonial governments. Moreover, they had no representative on British Parliament to defend their rights.Colonists protests created a motto No Taxation Without Representation. . Trade restriction laws and taxts developed the process of The Declaration of Independence. Third cause was impact of ?Common Sense ? on society. Common Sense was a pamphlet which was written by Thomas Paine in the plain and persuasive language in order to be undersood by every people in the society. Thomas Paine writed it in order to encourage the people in the colonies about separation from England.In his pamphlet ,not only critized the British Government but also he explained disadvantages of being connected with England . He emphasized importance of indipendence and he expained why it was wrong regard as Great Britain as Mother Country.Although there was opposite ideas in the society about separation, pamphlet was adopted by the colonists and united them against England in a little while. Common Sense improved the need of independence. To sum up , the independence process took time and developed step by step.Multiple causes led to the birth of United States. Political interferences and ecoomic laws caused various problems between Mother Country Britain and colonists.Because they had different politic and economic ideology. ?Common Sense emphasized on these diffrences that is why united the colonists under the common purpose.On July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence proclaimed and it underlined their aim during the American War of Independence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Process Of The Declaration Of Independence" essay for you Create order

Human Trafficking And Its Aspects - 3369 Words

Human Trafficking and its Aspects Mariah Crawford English 2020 Mr. Vern Mehr Fall 2014 Imagine being called and offered a job opportunity in another state or perhaps another country. The employer promises you better housing, twice your current salary, and even offers to pay for your commute. Without thinking, you accept because the possibilities seem endless and unreal. You arrive to your new home but things don’t look as great as they were described and suddenly your new kind, charismatic boss seems to be more on the malicious side. He tells you that you cannot go anywhere besides work, takes all your sources of communication, and locks you inside your home. You ultimately realize that everything he previously promised you was†¦show more content†¦Today human trafficking is a 32 billion dollar industry and the 3rd largest organized crime worldwide (â€Å"Human Trafficking†). It is estimated that 600,000 to 800,000 victims are trafficked across international borders worldwide and half of them are under age 18 (â€Å"Human Trafficking Into and Wi thin the United States†). Methods used by human traffickers are constantly evolving, along with the understanding of this crime among law enforcement and anti-trafficking activists. The most common characteristic of human trafficking is forced criminality. Traffickers force adults and children to commit crimes in the course of their victimization, including theft, drug production and sale, prostitution, terrorism, organ harvesting and murder (Kerry). Most trafficking cases are national or regional. Local criminal networks capture the victims and sell them to different criminal networks worldwide. Europe has the largest number of diversity in race among those trafficked; while those from Asia are transported to a greater range of different areas (Tully). It is not only trafficking from Southeast Asia into other parts of Asia or into Western Europe, nor is it only from Latin America to North America. Though a lot of exploitation occurs within the United States and African countries, it also occurs in small countries too (Tully). The United States has served as a hot spot for trafficked persons, with

The Forbidden Game The Hunter Chapter 7 Free Essays

â€Å"Cypress eyes and sun-glowing skin †¦ and your hair’s like liquid amber. Why do you wear it back like that?† â€Å"Because Tom likes it,† Jenny said reflexively, her standard response. â€Å"Look, what did you mean-â€Å" He shook his head, clicking his tongue. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Hunter Chapter 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"May I?† he said politely, straightening up. His tone was so normal, so solicitous, that Jenny nodded automatically. She was still intent on her question. â€Å"What did you-no, don’t.† He had pulled the elastic band out of her ponytail. Jenny felt her hair fall about her neck, and then his fingers were in it. An almost imperceptible shudder went through Jenny. â€Å"Don’t,† she said again. She didn’t know how to deal with this situation. He wasn’t being rough. He still looked solicitous and friendly. It didn’t seem appropriate to hit him in the gut as Dee had taught her to do with guys that annoyed her. â€Å"Beautiful,† he murmured. His touch was as light as the soft pat of a cat’s paw, and his voice was like black velvet. â€Å"Don’t you like it?† â€Å"No,† Jenny said, but she could feel the heat in her face. She was backed against the wall now. She didn’t know how to get away from him-and the worst thing was that her body didn’t seem sure it wanted to. His cool fingers moved against her warm hair roots, and she felt a trembling thrill. â€Å"Have I told you about your mouth?† he said. â€Å"No? It’s soft. Short upper lip, full lower. Just about perfect, except that it’s usually a little wistful. There’s something you want, Jenny, that you’re not getting.† â€Å"I have to go now,† Jenny said in a rush. Her standard stuck-with-a-jerk-at-a-party response. She was so confused she didn’t care if it didn’t make sense here. â€Å"You don’t have to go anywhere.† He seemed unable to take his eyes away from her face for a second. Jenny had never held anyone’s gaze for this long-and she had never even dreamed of eyes like his. â€Å"I could show you what it is you’ve been wanting,† he said. â€Å"Will you let me? Let me show you, Jenny.† His voice seemed to steal the bones from her body. She was aware of shaking her head slightly, as much in response to the new feelings as to his question. She didn’t know what was happening to her. Tom’s touch made her feel safe, but this-this made her feel weak inside, as if her stomach were falling. â€Å"Let me show you,† he said again, so softly she could barely hear him. His fingers were so gentle as they laced in her hair, urging her to tilt her face up toward him. His lips were bare inches from hers. Jenny felt herself flowing toward him. â€Å"Oh, stop,† she said. â€Å"Stop.† â€Å"Do you really want me to?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"All right.† To her astonishment, he stepped back, fingers trailing out of her hair. Jenny could still feel them. I almost kissed him, she thought. Not the other way around. In another minute I would have. Tom. Oh, Tom. â€Å"Why are you doing this?† she said, her eyes filling again. He sighed. â€Å"I told you. I fell in love with you. I didn’t do it on purpose.† â€Å"But we’re so different,† Jenny whispered. She was still feeling weak at the knees. â€Å"Why should you-want me? Why?† He looked at her, head tilted slightly, quizzically. â€Å"Don’t you know?† His eyes moved to her lips. â€Å"Light to darkness, Jenny. Darkness to light. It’s always been that way.† â€Å"I don’t know what you’re talking about.† And she didn’t. She wouldn’t let herself understand it. â€Å"Suppose the devil was just quietly minding his own business-when he saw a girl. A girl who made him forget everything. There’ve been other girls more beautiful, of course-but this girl had something. A goodness, a sweetness about her. An innocence. Something simple he wanted.† â€Å"To destroy it.† â€Å"No, no. To cherish it. To warm his cold heart. Even a poor devil can dream, can’t he?† â€Å"You’re trying to trick me.† â€Å"Am I?† There was something oddly serious in his blue eyes. â€Å"I won’t listen to you. You can’t make me listen.† â€Å"True.† For just an instant Julian looked tired. Then he gave his strange half smile. â€Å"Then there’s no choice but to keep playing, is there? No choice for either of us.† â€Å"Julian-â€Å" â€Å"What?† Jenny caught herself up short, shaking her head. He was crazy. But one thing she believed, he really was in love with her. She knew, somehow, that it was true. She also knew something else about him-she’d known it since that instant when she’d looked into his eyes and seen the ancient shadows there. She’d known it when he’d humiliated Tom and terrorized Dee. He was evil. Cruel, capricious, and dangerous as a cobra. A prince of darkness. Completely evil-and completely in love with her. How was she supposed to reconcile that? â€Å"If you want me so much,† she said, â€Å"why don’t you just take me, then? Why go through all this with the Game? You could grab me anytime-why don’t you just do it?† His heavy lashes drooped again. In that instant he looked exactly like the boy in the More Games store. Almost vulnerable-almost human. Realization came to Jenny. â€Å"Because you can’t,† she breathed. â€Å"You can’t, can you? You can’t do just anything you want to, not even here.† His eyes flashed up, glittering like a snake’s. Jenny saw pure violence there. â€Å"This is my world. I make the rules here-â€Å" â€Å"No.† Giddy triumph was swelling through Jenny, an effervescent rush. â€Å"Not this one. That’s why you asked if you could touch my hair. That’s why you tried to make me kiss you. You can’t do it without my permission.† â€Å"Be careful, Jenny,† he said. His face was cold and cruel. Jenny just laughed excitedly. â€Å"If you can kiss me against my will, then prove it,† she said. â€Å"Show me-do it now.† And then she added an Italian phrase she’d picked up from Audrey. â€Å"Come osi!† It meant I dare you. He didn’t move. Jenny laughed again. â€Å"I don’t think you understand,† he said. â€Å"I’m going to have you, at any cost. Any cost, Jenny, even if you have to suffer on the way. If I can’t force you, I’ll persuade you-and I can be very persuasive.† Jenny felt some of the triumph fold up inside her. â€Å"Remember where you are, Jenny. Whose territory you’re on. Remember what I can do in the Game.† Jenny was completely sober now. â€Å"You challenged me-now I suppose I’ll have to show you what I am capable of.† â€Å"I don’t care what you do to me.† â€Å"Maybe it won’t be to you. See your friend there? She’s playing the Game, too.† He was looking down the hallway, in the same direction Jenny had been going. Barely visible under a far candle was the copper glint of someone’s hair. Jenny drew in her breath. â€Å"Don’t you dare-† Turning back to speak to him, Jenny broke off. Julian was gone. She was alone. Jenny bit her lip. It was infuriating to talk to somebody who could do that, and she was beginning to think it hadn’t been a very good idea to laugh at him. Nothing to be done about it now. â€Å"Audrey!† she called and started down the hall. Audrey’s skin, usually pale as magnolia blossoms, was touched with a golden glow from the candles, and her auburn hair flashed copper. She and Jenny hugged, and Jenny thought only Audrey could stay so calm, so chic, in such awful circumstances. â€Å"You look as if any minute you’re going to be demanding to see your ambassador,† Jenny said. â€Å"If Daddy were here he’d take care of things,† Audrey agreed. â€Å"He’d come out of retirement to take on this place on. Are you all right? You look a little flushed.† Jenny put a hand to her cheek self-consciously. â€Å"It’s the light,† she said. â€Å"Uh, how long have you been here? I mean, did you see me-before I called?† â€Å"No. I’d been looking and looking-for anybody, but all I’ve seen is this interminable hallway.† â€Å"Good. I mean-it’s good that I found you. The only other person I’ve seen is Dee. She’s back there, and she’s just been through hell. And you’re next, if I’m right about the way this works. I’ll explain as we go.† The explanation, about how they were all scattered, about finding doors in the nightmares, about the dawn time limit and about how things in the nightmares could hurt you, took until they found Dee. They did find Dee, to Jenny’s relief, standing beside a door. â€Å"I thought I’d better guard it to make sure it didn’t go anywhere,† she said after a perfunctory nod at Audrey. Audrey had only one question. â€Å"Is he Nordic, that guy? They’re supposed to be sexy as all get-out.† Jenny ignored this. â€Å"Since the doors move, how do we know this isn’t one of the two we opened before?† â€Å"We don’t,† Dee said and flashed The Smile. Dee’s wild, leaping beauty always annoyed Audrey. â€Å"Of course, it doesn’t have a key like the first one, but I guess we’d better get in monster position again. Anything could be inside.† She and Jenny did, ready to kick the door shut fast. Audrey’s eyebrows lifted into her spiky bangs. â€Å"No, thank you, she said politely. Not in a fitted linen skirt. Listen, you two, why are we doing this at all? Why don’t we just sit down and refuse to play?† â€Å"Didn’t you listen to me before?† Jenny said. â€Å"If we’re still here by dawn, we stay for good. We lose automatically.† â€Å"I’ve never lost anything by default,† Dee said. Then she said, â€Å"Now.† Behind the door there was a forest. Cool wind blew out, ruffling Jenny’s loose hair against her cheek. It smelled like summer camp. â€Å"God,† said Jenny. â€Å"Well, come on,† Audrey said, flicking her perfectly polished nails in a gesture of readiness. â€Å"We might as well get it over with.† â€Å"It’s too weird,† Jenny said as they stepped inside -outside. â€Å"Dee’s bedroom was a room, at least. But this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They were on the outskirts of a dark forest on a sloping hill. Above them the night sky was strewn with stars much bigger and brighter than the ones Jenny usually saw from her Vista Grande backyard. A moon of pure silver was rising. The door had slammed and disappeared, of course, as soon as they stepped through. Behind Jenny were meadows and pastures; before her a tangled mass of pitch-black trunks and bushes. The girls were alone on the hill in the moonlight. â€Å"Now what?† Audrey said, shivering fastidiously. â€Å"Don’t you know? It’s your nightmare-you drew it.† â€Å"I drew a picture of me opening the Bloomies catalog and finding it blank,† Audrey said. â€Å"That’s my worst nightmare. Don’t look at me that way-shopping is cheaper than therapy.† And that was all she would say about it. There were a few scattered lights in the valley below them. â€Å"But it’s too far to hike,† Jenny said, â€Å"and even if we did get down there, I don’t think that there would really be any people.† Audrey looked at her strangely, but Dee nodded. â€Å"It feels like one of those model-train landscapes -or like a stage set,† she said. â€Å"False fronts. You’re right, I don’t think we’d find little houses with people in them down there. Which means-â€Å" They faced the forest bleakly. â€Å"Why do I have a bad feeling about this?† Jenny asked. â€Å"Come on,† Dee said. â€Å"Let’s make it happen.† The forest looked solid, but with Dee in the lead they found a way into it. It was mostly pine and fir trees, with the occasional beech shining silvery gray against the darkness of the background. â€Å"Oh, my God,† Audrey said after they’d been walking some time. â€Å"High ground, evergreen trees, rocks-I know where we are now. It’s the Black Forest.† â€Å"Sounds like something from a story,† Jenny muttered, picking her way through the undergrowth. â€Å"It’s a real place. I saw it when I was eight, when Daddy was at the German embassy. It-scared me a little, because it was the forest, you know.† Dee threw a derisive glance over her shoulder. â€Å"The forest?† â€Å"The forest where everything happened-where the Grimm brothers got all their fairy tales. You know, snow white. Hansel and Gretel. Little Red Riding-Hood and the-â€Å" Audrey stopped in midsentence. In front of her, Dee had stopped, too. Jenny’s knees locked. Just ahead of them in the tangled blackness, yellow eyes glowed. Jenny even imagined she could see moonlight gleaming off sharp teeth. All three girls stood very still. Seconds passed and the yellow eyes remained motionless. Then they seemed to shift to a different angle so that one went out. Both flashed toward the girls again, then both went out. Jenny heard underbrush crunching. The sound got fainter. It faded into a profound silence in which Jenny could hear her heart beating strong and very fast in her chest. Jenny let out her breath. Dee’s shoulders heaved slightly. She reached down and picked up a long stick almost as thick as her own slim wrist. She settled it in her hand, waggling it, testing her grip. It made a good weapon. â€Å"-and the Wolf,† said Audrey, her voice suspiciously calm. She tucked stray wisps of hair into her French twist, her lips tight. The three of them looked at one another, then started walking again. What else was there to do? â€Å"It was strange, that wolf coming just when you were talking about one,† Dee said. â€Å"Unless-† Jenny stopped dead. â€Å"Wait,† she said. Something had fallen into place with an almost audible click. â€Å"Let me think a minute†¦ yes. It wasn’t strange at all that the wolf came when Audrey was talking about it. Don’t you see? He’s taking it all from our own minds.† â€Å"Who?† Audrey said, her well-bred nostrils flared. â€Å"Who do you think? Julian. The Shadow Man. He’s creating the Game around us-or we’re doing it-but either way it’s made up of our own thoughts. That hallway back in the house is the hallway from the Haunted Mansion at Disneyland. It always scared me as a kid-so it came from my mind. And the door in the UFO was like a plane door I’d seen.† Dee’s eyes flashed like a jaguar’s. â€Å"And the parlor-I saw a lamp like that once in Jamestown. I wondered what it was doing here.† â€Å"Everything-every detail-is coming from us,† Jenny said. â€Å"Not just big things but little things. He’s using our minds against us.† â€Å"So what’s going to happen next?† Dee asked Audrey. â€Å"You’re the one who should know what scares you most. I mean, should we be on the lookout for walking trees or little hooded men or what? Or was that wolf it?† â€Å"I was only eight when I lived here,† Audrey said coldly. â€Å"And, no, I don’t remember specifically which story †¦ disturbed me †¦ most. I had a German nurse, and she told me all of them.† She and Dee glared at each other. â€Å"We could run into something from any of our minds,† Jenny said, to make peace. â€Å"Anything could happen here. You can feel it.† She knew in her heart that it was going to be something worse than the wolf. Something more un-mundane. Audrey didn’t like anything supernatural, so it followed that whatever happened was going to be very. Remember, it’s all a dream, she told herself. But she could hear Julian’s voice in her mind: â€Å"I can tell you right off that one of you probably won’t make it.† They walked. Underbrush clutched at Jenny’s skirt like little fingers. The fragrance of evergreens surrounded them like a thousand Christmas trees. All Jenny could see was darkness and the endless tangle of forest ahead. Her nerves stretched and stretched. They literally stumbled on the clearing. One large tree grew there-a yew, Jenny thought. It stood in front of a great jumble of rocks and boulders that looked as if they might have been left by a glacier. The tree had rough bark, dark green needles, and red berries. Gathered around it was a group of young men in weird clothes. They were wearing pants and long over-tunics of leather trimmed with fur, very old-fashioned looking. Their arms were bare and muscular. The ground beside the tree had been cleared and a circle drawn on it. Inside the circle a fire burned, and red light glinted off daggers and what looked like drinking horns. The whole area was decorated with flowers. â€Å"It’s some kind of secret ceremony,† Dee whispered. â€Å"And we’re spying on it,† she added with considerable relish. â€Å"They’re certainly good-looking,† Audrey murmured. They were. Jenny counted seven of them, four with blond hair and three with blondish-brown. They looked as if they were in their late teens or early twenties, and if what they were doing was secret, they weren’t bothering to be quiet about it. Jenny could hear laughter and boisterous singing. Good grief, it’s like a fraternity party, she thought. Even this far away she could smell the beer. â€Å"I think,† said Audrey, â€Å"I’m Beginning to like this Game.† She stepped out before Jenny could stop her. The singing fell silent. Seven faces turned toward the girls. Then one of the German boys lifted a drinking horn over his head, and all the rest cheered. They all seemed surprised but delighted to see the girls. White, even teeth flashed in friendly smiles, and they bundled the visitors over to the warmth of the fire. Audrey’s bare legs caused a lot of appreciative comment, as did Dee’s spandex leggings. â€Å"No-no, thanks,† Jenny said as one of them tried to get her to drink the stuff in his horn. The horn had angular symbols carved on it that made her nervous somehow-they reminded her of something. â€Å"Audrey, what are they saying?† â€Å"I can’t catch it all. It’s not like the German I learned,† Audrey said. Seated between two admirers, her cool porcelain beauty contrasted with her flirtatious lashes. â€Å"I think it must be archaic. But that one is saying that you’re like Sif. It’s a compliment-Sif was a goddess with shining golden hair.† â€Å"Oh, give me a break!† Dee backed up to sit on a rock. There was an instant stirring among the German boys. Several pulled Dee away from the rock pile, shaking their heads. Dee barely allowed them to move her, not at all placated by the way they marveled over her dark skin. And she only snorted when one offered her a garland of flowers to wear. â€Å"Oh, put it on,† Jenny said, flicking a small bug out of her own wreath. She was starting to enjoy this. The young men were nice, even if they did smell a bit like sweat, they were about the most strapping youths she’d ever seen, but several of them had braids in their hair, and they didn’t seem to think weaving garlands was sissy. â€Å"It’s a ceremony to greet the spring,† Audrey said as one of the blonds cried, â€Å"Ostara!† and poured beer on the ground. â€Å"Ostara’s the goddess of spring-that’s where we get ‘Easter.'† The young men began to chant. â€Å"It’s something about life being renewed,† Audrey said. â€Å"There’s something else-something I can’t quite make out. They’re †¦ asking? Petitioning?† All the German boys were on their feet by now, urging the girls to rise. They were facing the huge pile of boulders. â€Å"Dokkalfar,† they chanted. â€Å"That’s dark-something. I don’t-oh, my God.† Audrey’s voice changed completely. She tried to pull away from the circle, but two of the German boys grabbed her. â€Å"Dark elves,† she said wildly. â€Å"That’s what they’re saying. They came here to ask favors from the elves-and we’re the yielding.† Jenny had never heard Audrey’s voice like that before-bordering on hysteria. â€Å"The what?† she demanded. Suddenly the white, even smiles around her didn’t look so friendly. â€Å"The gift to the Otherworld. The sacrifice!† Audrey cried. She was trying to get away again, but it was no good. We’re outnumbered more than two to one, Jenny thought. And they’ve all got muscles. She looked at Dee-and felt shock ripple over her. Dee was laughing. Snickering, actually. Chortling. â€Å"Elves?† she gasped. â€Å"Little pixies in bluebells? Little guys who sit on acorns?† â€Å"No, you idiot,† Audrey said through her teeth. â€Å"Dark elves-Outdwellers. Oh, you don’t understand-â€Å" Jenny heard rock scraping. One of the huge stones in front of her was moving. It swung out slowly, pushing a ridge of dirt along in front of it. A black, gaping hole was revealed in the pile. A tunnel leading down. Dee’s laughter was dying-but it was too late. The girls were pushed forward into the hole. Jenny tried to turn, but her Capezio flats slithered on dust and grit, and she felt herself falling. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Hunter Chapter 7, Essay examples

Origins of human sexuality Essay Example For Students

Origins of human sexuality Essay In their book Homicide, Martin Daly and Margo Wilson put forth a theory that challenges human societies common notion of human sexuality. They do this in an attempt to bring about a better understanding of homicide and male aggressiveness. According to Daly and Wilson, males instigate the overwhelming majority of dangerous altercations and they contend that this is due to status competition. Status competition is the idea that males must aggressively compete for sexual access to females in order to pass on their genes. Daily and Wilson cite the work of Charles Darwin, who in 1859 published a famous work on the theory of natural selection. J. Bateman to strengthen their arguments for the idea of status competition. Batemans research focused on lab experiments done on Drosophila or fruit flies. The experiments consisted of taking fruit flies with distinct genetic markers and placing them in jars. It was made sure that each jar contained an equal number of males and females. The jars were then put under observation. Bateman noticed that there was a difference when he compared the reproductive success of the females to the success of the males. According to Batemans research a female fruit fly could expect to have about 60 to 80 offspring regardless of the number of male fruit flies she copulated with. However the reproductive success of a male fruit fly depended on the number of females it had mated with. Those who copulated with one female produced about 40 young, those who copulated with two produced about 80, and so forth. Bateman also notes the difference each sex of fruit fly could expect to produce-females could expect to have about the same amount of offspring, whereas some males had a great number of offspring (far above average) while others failed to produce at all. In general males had a much wider range of potential offspring and therefore the males had potential for great success or complete failure. These finding prompted Bateman to conclude selection would produce tactics of male mating competition, as well as an undiscriminatory eagerness in the males and a discriminatory passivity in the females. Daly and Wilson claim that the conclusions made by Batman on fruit flies reproductive condition also hold true for Homo sapiens. According to Daly and Wilson, human females have a lower maximum number of offspring they can produce when compared to males. Females also have a much smaller range of mating outcomes when compared to males. Daly and Wilson cite the work of Robert Trivers to corroborate this idea. According to Trivers, the key to understanding the difference between male and female fruit flies, as well as humans, is by determining the amount of parental investment given by either sex. According to the their theory females make the largest parental investment and consequently can not expect to increase her chances of passing on her genes by mating indiscreetly. Women typically must invest time in pregnancy as well as feeding the child (Female fruit flies investment comes in the form of producing eggs). Whereas a male increases his chances of passing on his genes with each female he mates with, due to his relatively small parental investment. Because male success is determined by the amount of access he has to females, males must compete for access to females much more than females must compete for access to males. This competition, according to the theory, makes the winners win bigger, .

My Daily Routine free essay sample

I have always valued the power of words. I have seen how they have the power of mending hearts and easing pain, while also having the power to destroy and corrupt. Words are fragile—so fragile that I take care in choosing the words I write as I fill page after page of my Moleskine notebook with those that express my innermost passions and my most genuine hopes and fears. Not a day goes by when I do not journal. Writing is something very special to me, something essential to my life. When I write, I feel as if I enter a sort of breathing room: an open space in which anything is permissible and where all things are possible. Journaling is important to me because it helps me to be honest with myself. I am no longer self-conscious in my breathing room. As I look back on the journals I have accumulated over the years, I see how my hopes and fears have evolved. We will write a custom essay sample on My Daily Routine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Journaling allows me to see how I have matured as a person, gradually, page by page.

Free Essays on Making A Moral Decision

Making a Moral Decision In Joseph Conrad’s short story â€Å"The Tale† and James Joyce’s short story â€Å"A Painful Case† there are several similarities between the characters of the stories. Each story is composed of parallel moral lessons, which becomes the theme of the stories. The main characters look back at a point in their lives and are unsure if they made the wisest choice in their individual situation. The moral of each story is an ethical decision may never have a right answer. Conrad and Joyce portray a moral lesson in a very similar way. In each story the main characters, the commanding officer and James Duffy, look back on moments in their life and regret the decisions they have made. The commanding officer in â€Å"The Tale† decides an entire ships fate by directing them off cliffs, consequently the captain of the ship and his crew die. The commanding officer states, â€Å"That course would lead the Northman straight on a deadly ledge of rock. And the commanding officer gave it to him† (Conrad 17). The main character of â€Å"The Tale† is aware of the importance of his decision and questions whether or not it was the wisest choice. He contemplates with this and it effects him on an emotional level. At the beginning of â€Å"The Tale† the women (who is never given a name) requests he tell a tale like he used to before the war. She states, †Å"You used to tell- your- your simple and professional- tales very well at one time†¦you had sort of art- in the days- the days before the war† (Conrad 2). This statement supplies the reader with evidence that the commanding officer is a changed man since the war and foreshadows that the story will not be like his old â€Å"simple† stories. Throughout the story the commanding officer battles with his instinct to decide whether or not to believe the Northman. He continually asks himself why the Northman did not sound his horn when they entered the bay, and why the Northman’s vo... Free Essays on Making A Moral Decision Free Essays on Making A Moral Decision Making a Moral Decision In Joseph Conrad’s short story â€Å"The Tale† and James Joyce’s short story â€Å"A Painful Case† there are several similarities between the characters of the stories. Each story is composed of parallel moral lessons, which becomes the theme of the stories. The main characters look back at a point in their lives and are unsure if they made the wisest choice in their individual situation. The moral of each story is an ethical decision may never have a right answer. Conrad and Joyce portray a moral lesson in a very similar way. In each story the main characters, the commanding officer and James Duffy, look back on moments in their life and regret the decisions they have made. The commanding officer in â€Å"The Tale† decides an entire ships fate by directing them off cliffs, consequently the captain of the ship and his crew die. The commanding officer states, â€Å"That course would lead the Northman straight on a deadly ledge of rock. And the commanding officer gave it to him† (Conrad 17). The main character of â€Å"The Tale† is aware of the importance of his decision and questions whether or not it was the wisest choice. He contemplates with this and it effects him on an emotional level. At the beginning of â€Å"The Tale† the women (who is never given a name) requests he tell a tale like he used to before the war. She states, †Å"You used to tell- your- your simple and professional- tales very well at one time†¦you had sort of art- in the days- the days before the war† (Conrad 2). This statement supplies the reader with evidence that the commanding officer is a changed man since the war and foreshadows that the story will not be like his old â€Å"simple† stories. Throughout the story the commanding officer battles with his instinct to decide whether or not to believe the Northman. He continually asks himself why the Northman did not sound his horn when they entered the bay, and why the Northman’s vo...

Finance and Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance and Resource Management - Essay Example On the other hand new vehicle would be depreciated by $900 if the same technique were to be followed. The vehicle would be used, on an average 80 kilometers. The fuel efficiency is 8 kms per litre of petrol. Thus, there is a requirement to use 10 liters petrol. Each litre is costing about $2 and so petrol cost would be $20 per day and for 355 days, it would be $7100. The new vehicle has better fuel efficiency giving 10 kms per litre. It would thus require 8 litres per day and with the same cost of petrol, the yearly requirement would be $5680 (that is, 8 litre * $2 * 355 days). Cost of maintenance has gone up in the recent time. As the vehicle has been subject to severe wear and tear, the maintenance cost is estimated in the order of 20 percent of the car. That is, $1000 this year. But maintenance cost for the new car would be very low. It would not exceed 2 percent of its actual cost. This would be therefore $180 per year. Based on the information provided as above, the budget for operating the old vehicle has been mapped below. This has been juxtaposed against the possible cost that will be incurred for operating a new vehicle for similar purpose. Based on the above consideration, operating old vehicle is costlier than the new one. For instance, the annual cost of running the old patrol car is $8600, whereas that of new car would be $6760. There is a difference of $ 1840. In one of the company meeting, it was decided to have annual gathering under the pretext of a training program. The participants included middle level manager numbering about 25 from the United States. The department conducted basically a training program involving talk by about eight invited guests, who had to be given mementos. As these experts were drawn from best performers’ list working for our organization, it was decided that no honorarium would be paid. These participants were asked to stay in a hotel for 2 days. Hotel room tariff was $ 400 per day on twin sharing

Hostility in Romen and Juliet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hostility in Romen and Juliet - Research Paper Example Accordingly, the theme of the play can be described as the hostility of â€Å"two households† in Verona, Montague and Capulet, who try to attack aggressively the lovers, Romeo and Juliet, who preserve loyalty to their true kingdom of love. Therefore, not love simply must be regarded as relevant in the play, but rather the hostility of two households, which arises between them, trying to destroy the sweet feeling of the young lovers. Then, focusing on the summary of the plot and also sub-plots, both with its outcomes for the proposed theme, it should be concerned that â€Å"ancient rage† was the most powerful motive for action throughout the play for both minor and major characters. Here, Shakespeare shows his constant shifts from comedy to tragedy, and the development of the minor characters, who are able to conduct the supporting atmosphere for the protagonists. The star-crossed lovers present a stable opposition to the hatred, being able to forget about rage in a flam e of their swift and passionate love; however, due to the star-crossed fate or simply by chance they were doomed for the mutual suicides. To force a thesis, some researchers put an emphasis on solely love when treated the play, such as, for example, Lawrence Edward Bowling1, and some suggested that not only factor of love may be objectified in the whole play, such as Thomas Honegger2; but, on the contrary, it should be stated that simply hatred/rage/hostility of the clans was an fundamental factor which determined the development of the relations between the lovers because their love from the beginning contradict strongly with the whole situation within the families. This situation gives a powerful impact on extremely impulsive process of mutual relationship of Romeo and Juliet. Therefore, a quite extravagant thesis should be forced that the lovers’ strongest sympathy is initiated by the powerful hostility/rage/hatred between the clans, which statement is presented in the pro logue of the Act 1 in such a way: â€Å"Two households†¦ / From ancient grudge break to new mutiny†¦ / From forth the fatal loins of these two foes / A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life; / Whose misadventured piteous overthrows / Do with their death bury their parents' strife. / The fearful passage of their death-marked love, / And the continuance of their parents' rage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act 1, Prologue) Therefore, as prologue puts it, two households descended their â€Å"mutiny† long beforehand, but â€Å"a pair of star-crossed lovers† â€Å"bury their parents’ strife† â€Å"with their death;† as a result, great love is determined and initiated by the great hatred, and thus great hostility is defeated by the great passion of the lovers, the conjunction between two principal motives in the dramatic plot of the play is unquestionable. The hostility between the clans in Verona influenced a lot on a very character of the relations be tween the lovers, determines its doomed and swift process. Accordingly, in Act 1, Scene 5, Romeo asks rhetorically: â€Å"Is she a Capulet? / O dear account! my life is my foe's debt†; (Act 1, Scene 5) which phrase is responded by Juliet in such words: â€Å"My only love sprung from my only hate! / Too early seen unknown, and known too late! / Prodigious birth of love it is to me, / That I must love a loathed enemy;†

The Parable of the Sadhu Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Parable of the Sadhu - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that extensive surveys and research have indicated the requirement of continuous commitment, enforcement, and modeling of leadership along with defined policies of ethical, legal, and sociocultural conduct can reinforce morality and ethics to a large extent. McCoy’s contemplation on the ethical dilemma experienced during his travel to Nepal and the Himalayas, along with a group of travelers belonging to different nationalities and cultures, draws attention to the reasons and causes that influence human behavior during different situations and different places with similar situations. Although organizations attempt, by large, to define expected codes of conduct in ethical, legal and sociocultural perspectives and specific to the nature of the organizational business, in general ethics cannot be defined. As rightly pointed by Dewey, ethics is not confined to only ‘doing the right thing,’ and is a ‘reflective conduct.â €™ McCoy’s dilemma expressed in this narration is also on similar grounds, encompassing different leadership behaviors and reasons shaping these specific behaviors. Based on individual behaviors, the three-dimensional leadership theory was proposed, and each style was defined based on the traits exhibited by the leaders. The 3 leadership styles include autocratic, democratic and Laissez-faire leadership. Applying autocratic leadership style in the context of the abandoned Sadhu in the Himalayas, if one traveler assumed the role of autocratic leader, he could have made decisions on his own as to how best the Sadhu could have been taken care of.

The Phenomenon Of Gated Communities Cultural Studies Essay

The Phenomenon Of Gated Communities Cultural Studies Essay This paper explores the subject of gated communities being a globally prevalent urban or quasi-urban form: which relatively recently have rapidly become widespread within Polish cities. The authors interest in studying the topic arose from a genuine concern over the future of metropolitan layouts and how they are worryingly being determined by the rising number of fortified enclaves. The tendency of enclosing communities does not only apply to new housing, but also existing streets, apartments built in the past, standalone buildings, and whole residential districts. Blakely and Snyder (1999) describe these communities as a new form of discrimination, an economical one. Earlier, ones social status has been asserted by the architectural density of parts of the city and architectural ornamentation of the buildings. However, gated communities are heading one step further underlining the economical segregation by creating physical barriers defending the accessibility, privatise the public space and social living aspects such as safety (private security instead of police care), educational and communal service. More often inhabitants of those housing estates sweep past through their secured public spaces to similar ones in their work place, mega stores, or recreational centres. Gated communities are creating a new, private world which turns into an insular environment (Zaborska 2006). Alternatively, Jacek GƦdecki (2009: 25) believes that a fine line should be established between global and local processes, as there are GC examples which faultlessly adapt to their local: urban, social, economic and cultural conditions and are frequently well perceived. Using both descriptive and predictive approaches the subject has been investigated through gathered literature, resident interviews, analytical research of existing gated communities in Poland and case studies of existing gated communities in Poland, which the author has personally examined through frequent site visits and numerous examples of daily press columns in which the discourse has grown greatly over the past decade. The reader has to acknowledge that the bountifulness and ambiguity of local and international discourses illustrate that Gated Communities come into existence from diverse rationales and are creating different types of social realities (GƦdecki 2009: 66) Therefore, the authors aim is to prove that living in an enclosed community in Poland creates only an illusion of safety, and that building fortresses is turning away from the real problem. The middle class living amongst themselves stops grasping concerns the whole society should deal with. Building an enclosed world, ghettos available for selected citizens, elite housing estates, where admission is forbidden to lower social classes, which in effect could lead to the growing frustration among the lower class. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) I got a letter today, a letter from a friend He writes mate, youve betrayed, gained a pile of cash and weight You no longer travel by tram, times have changed so much I guess you dont remember me anymore, apparently you live in luxury You must have forgot, whats a crowded bus like (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staszczyk, Z. (1997): T.Love Komercja (Commercialism) PHENOMENON ORIGINS The common definition of gated communities refers to a physical area seceded off its urban context with fenced or walled barriers and access routes patrolled by an around the clock security (Landman 2000). Although the elements separating these enclaves from the outside world are comparable, the basis for this happening is not common and is directly related to its setting (GƦdecki 2009: 66). Blakely and Snyder (1999) describing the growing number of enclosed communities in USA, named three types, different because of the inhabitancy motif and type of habitants: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lifestyle- inhabited by people living in a specified lifestyle (for instance: golf enthusiasts, retired people etc.)- designed for giving wealthier people amenities they could not find elsewhere à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prestige- underlining the adhesion to a higher class à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Security- creating a feeling of physical and social safety GƦdecki (2009: 23) citing Landman uses the category of race and power when explaining the spread of GCs in apartheid. This is one of the most extreme examples, as these are a by-product of a totalitarian regime in which people were forced to separation rather than the indicated being a matter of choice. However, the appearance and investigation of gated communities does not relate solely to North American countries. In 1980s and 1990s this new movement started reaching large European cities of Spain, France and Portugal, as well as South African, Chinese, Central and Eastern European metropolises (PolaÅ„ska 2010: 423). In the latter, the reason for gating enclaves happening and the urban economic transformation had a close relation to the 1989 collapse of the Communist-led administrations and socio-political transformation to post-communist / capitalist systems. The economic conversion from command economy towards a free market orientated, thereby the upward importance and rapid enrichment of middle and upper class citizens and more visible cleavages between the rich and the poor (PolaÅ„ska 2010: 421), materialized in the ubiquitous quasi-urban form of Gated Communities. It has been over twenty years since the Capitalist system has been introduced in Poland. In numerous articles and publications, one can observe the tendency of typecasting the communist state as the bad and the capitalist as good, whereas good and bad sides can be distinguished in both. Therefore, the past two decades and the current states condition needs reflecting upon some unfulfilled expectations and unwanted changes in societys behaviours, inherently associated with its political transformation. Architectural propensities of XX century Poland, before the 1939 Third Reich armed conflict and immediately following USSR aggression under the Ribbentrop-Molotov alliance covenant, were not exceptionally different from European tectonic tendencies. Instantly after the occupation of Warsaw, Nazi Germany introduced the Pabst Plan. Performed under the leadership of the newly appointed Chief Architect Friedrich Pabst, the novel development plan anticipated demolition of the majority of the capitals built environment to transform it into a provincial town with the sole purpose of being a centre for the German elite and a strategic transport hub. The five-year German occupation led to the demolition of entire neighbourhoods and Polish cultural monuments (NDAP: 2011), as well as the destruction of communities by forcing certain members of society into enclosed ghettos and slums. The Countrys revival came with the end of II World War under the Soviet sphere of influence (Majewski, n.d.). This coincided with the introduction of socialist realism to Poland. Originated in 1930s the soviet art movement socialist realism became the only legitimate method of artistic creation exhibiting and applauding comrade ideologies, thereby becoming one of the main Communist parties propaganda tools (MordyÅ„ski 2006: 4). This politically radical movement has been initially introduced by BolesÅ‚aw Beirut the first leader of the Peoples Republic of Poland and the head of state from 1947 during the 1949 PZPR (Polish United Workers Party) Warsaw Conference, during which the Six-year plan for Warsaws reconstruction has been announced. The capital reconstructed during the interwar period has been described as unfortunate, because built to satisfy each tenement house owners lust of wealth, whereas the owner himself, as an exploiter and speculator, peoples antagonist opposing the forming of the new Warsaw as the capital of the socialist state. The proletariat supporters proclaimed patronage over the oppressed workers class by putting the perfect city plan into effect and improving their purportedly poor pre-war living conditions. States main objective became the salvage of its commons, forced to inhabit deprived of light basement apartments and top tenement stories facing gloomy courtyards in favor of the capitalist bourgeoisie all inclusive first floor flats. The establishment of the societys new socialist realism order depended upon undertaking drastic changes in the urban built form. A great number of survived historic tenement houses, which endured the II World War air bombardment of Nazi Germany planes and Pabst Plan cleansing, have been scheduled for demolition to make way for the implementation of realistic works of architecture, corresponding to the high culture and art of socialism, material and spiritual needs of the nations development (MordyÅ„ski 2006: 3-4). Interacting and radiating the whole country will accelerate and intensify the creative effort of socialist construction in the remotest and most neglected neighborhoods and parts of the state. BolesÅ‚aw Bierut From: Marzenie o idealnym mieņºcie Warszawa socrealistyczna (The dream of a perfect city social realistic Warsaw) (2006) (translation: Author) However, the decimation of a great part of eclectic, art nouveau and inter-war edifices was not the only transition the new socialist society had to face. Along with the introduction of the autonomous directive certain behavioural habits were planned to be imposed on future inhabitants. It was believed that the cities urban built form needed to fulfil solely the realistic needs of their occupants. The capitalist individualism has been openly criticized, which became most apparent in both city planning and individual residential layouts. The new Warsaw cannot be a repetition of the former. It cannot be only merely improved, or become a revised repetition of the prewar community of private interests of the capitalist society BolesÅ‚aw Bierut (1949) The dream of a perfect city social realistic Warsaw (2006) (translation: Author) In this manner, the socialist realism clique endeavoured to create truly inspiring urban settings, spaces of communal interaction filled to the brim with public squares, culture houses, public dining rooms, arcades and colonnades, opposed to cramped tenement houses apartments void of cooking, laundry and drying facilities emphasising the elevated ranks of its novel social movement with its monumentality, and at the same time despotically dictating national collectiveness. Therefore the quest for rooting the national familiarity met with great public criticism. The social realist vision of a unified state has been withdrawn when the communist demiurges realised their failure in communicating socialist characteristics of processes occurring in life, or life processes that are not perfectly socialist. (MordyÅ„ski 2006: 5-8). The social realist thaw in the communist bloc countries followed the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953. Stalinist dictatorship, cult of personality and the total submission of USRR polity have been criticized by the new The Central Committee of Polish United Workers Party leader- Nikita Khrushchev. Berated form of mastery has been sentenced to the Orwellian evaporation in the commanders 1956 Personality Cult and its Consequences paper, which called for the continuity of the autonomous state system, exclusive of the condemned citizen/fellow dignitary terror governance and courteous coexistence of communist and capitalist worlds. (Tomaszewska: n.d.) The reprove of the cult of personality along with the socialist functionalism ideology in search of an alternative to the extremely expensive architecture of socialist realism, unable to cope with the increasing demand for residential buildings, has found reflection in modernist planning and mass-produced prefabricated architecture. Thereafter, multi-storey concrete slab estates began to dominate the majority of Polish cities skylines, thus rising to the occasion and repairing the housing shortage situation, as well as becoming the novel urban form showcasing the socialist pursuit of civilians living conditions uniformity and standardization (Wieteska 2007). Ironically, the example comes from the top saying was not applied in spreading the social classless ideology, where the party nomenclature voluntarily isolated themselves from the rest of the society by inhabiting closed off palaces and fenced edifices (GƦsior-Niemiec: 2007 et al.). These estates were and still are in disrepute for their crowded layouts, poor quality concrete construction caused by the accelerated process of hardening and inefficient thermal properties (Semczuk: 2010). Despite this, one needs to acknowledge that its creation was the best solution at the time to the housing shortage in a country tumbled-down by perpetual wars and occupations. The hitherto flourishing construction sector stalled due to 80s economic crisis. Failure in repaying foreign loans taken in Western countries, by implication foreign debt growth, stalled a great number of domestic investments. Deteriorating housing market, working conditions and rocketing goods prices caused a flurry of protests, which subsequently led to the formation of the Solidarity union. This succession of events forced the Communist Party to conduct negotiations, resulting in the 1989 cessation of dominance and transfer of power to the reactivated chamber of deputies and presidency (Madej: 2005). Transformation of the political system, foreign capital inflow and newly introduced law amendments, mainly citizenship and establishment freedom, allowed the replacement of the heavily indebted state-building co-operatives with private property companies. Moving away from the ubiquitous communist times typification, the diversity of available built materials and developed technology has allowed for the implementation of various architectural concepts (Communist times construction: 2010). Majewski (n.d) distinguished three stages in the history of Polish architecture after the fall of communism. In the first period, a vast quantity of buildings designed by Western architects was built. The small group of emerged developers sought to achieve rapid return on their investment; therefore these buildings are characterized by poor quality of workmanship and the use of building materials. The second period was characterized by the growth and stabilization of the countrys economy. Hence the e mergence of many new development agencies and a range of architectural design companies to choose from. Third near the end of the 90s the economy continued to grow strong and became brimful of large scale developers. Companies exposed to construction sector competition were forced to introduce more attractive offers and marketing promotions in order to acquire new customers. PolaÅ„ska (2010: 427) remarks the stereotypical classification used: the tendency of negatively portraying the old as the time of contemporarily loathed prefabricated concrete slab estates and the new as the period of residential wealth and freedom. GƦsior-Niemiec (2007:6) on the other hand juxtaposes this fact with citizens growing income and statutory disparities, lack of confidence in the states inefficiency and inability to ensure security. As a consequence the capitalist system and its social stratification and secure lifestyle have been introduced in the form of Gated Communities. According to Katarzyna Zaborska (2006) the main reason for fencing the communities in Poland is the exigency of security. Enclosed fenced enclaves could be the reaction to long years of regnant communism, when personal ownership was stigmatized, and is coming back in an exaggerated form of fortified apartments. The propensity of Communist Poland was to merge social layers in communal apartments, which fuelled growing frustration and could be another factor that triggered the exigency of isolation and underlining affiliation to a higher social category. Coexistence of areas inhabited by people with different incomes results in the feeling of endangerment within wealthier citizens. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) When Im looking in your eyes, which are so tired as mine Im loving this city, which is tired as I Where Hitler and Stalin did their stuff (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staszczyk, Z. (1994): T.Love Warszawa (Warsaw) URBAN SUSTAINABILITY AT RISK The public realm is defined as all those areas that are publicly owned and unreservedly accessible to citizens, generally at all times of the day and night (Ritzer: 2007). Tridib Banerjee (2007: 155) citing Lynch defines these territories as ones being accessible both physically and psychologically, consecutively underlining how vital such spaces are in creating successful urban environments, merrily and constantly occupied by the public. In this context and specifically with regard to the fact that a great deal of human occupation and interaction occur around and within: streets, lanes, routes, paths, parks, open spaces as well as public and civic buildings, one would anticipate coherent and legible movement strategies within and across urban blocks. Unfortunately, in the absence of adequate capital funds, by implication failure to provide sufficient city expansions, the majority of Central and Eastern European states had to rely on private sector financial support. (GƦdecki: 2009 et al.) In her paper, PolaÅ„ska (2010) aptly grasps the lost boundary between public and private spaces in connection with Polands socio-political and economic revolution. The abolishment of the Communist regime inevitably transformed the heretofore equal societys social status to a novel social stratification. This public cleavage profoundly underlined public position inequalities between individuals, consequently stretching social distances, in effect: triggering the feeling of hostility amongst lower and upper class citizens. In this manner, Jane Jacobs (1961) social capital theory relating to the significance of relationships and interactions in order to create a strong sense of community has been altered significantly. The term social capital refers to a network of collective bonds inscribed in the social structure of a community. The author stresses the importance of these social interactions and their contribution to shaping neighborhood connections, trust, everyday sociability and most importantly diversity (Jacobs: 1961). In the case of gated communities, the spread of this citizenship co-operation and collective responsibility is being limited spatially, by detaching whole residential districts from their urban fabric with the creation of a physical barrier in the form of a fence, as well as mentally by limiting the development of social diversity through the creation of enclaves only available to higher social status representatives. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Our neighborhood stands as it used to So many of us became poor herein Our city stands as it used to Busy by day, few by night Separately rather, yet collectively In one apartment, like kamikaze We dont suffer from money or power Yet this collectively does our heads in Staszczyk, Z. (2006): T-Love Ã…Å ¡cierwo (Carcass) The rapid social class transformation in terms of cultural preferences, work, consumption and rest models of the neo-liberal middle class citizens has been widely described by GƦdecki (2009: 103) whilst analyzing the swift widespread of Gated Communities in Poland. To describe these changes the author refers to the processes of gentrification and suburbanization. The first term has been originally used in American urban sociology to depict the prompt economical, social and cultural character change of a citys section, usually from a residential area inhabited by a miscellaneous range of tenants to an area predominantly occupied by higher class individuals. The latter relates to the middle class depopulation of city centers in favor of the expansion of suburban areas resulting from the development of transport infrastructure and the perception of suburban modernity in contrast to city centre lower class orthodoxy (GƦdecki: 91). Curiously, GƦdecki (2009 : 106) citing Neil Smith considers that the driving forces of these processes are not so much class transformations, but discrepancies between actual and potential land values (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106). These discrepancies gave development agencies the opportunity to seek reimbursement for the expansion of otherwise derelict city parts. The author noticed that publicly funded urban development of cities serves to mobilize and develop the real estate market (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106), as well as that these processes have no affect on social diversity, but instead allow to take control of citys political and cultural economy (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106) and take the attention away from fundamental issues such as: land ownership and property value speculations (GƦdecki citing Smith 2009: 106). This free market opportunity, lack of adequate planning regulations, increasing fear of crime, caused by the lack of confidence in the capacity of the state to protect its citizens, consequently amplified protection endeavour, has been spotted and exploited by housing developers and relapses in the shape of private clubs for selected citizens. Increasing validity of development companies involvement and contribution (Madanipour: 2007 [1998]) together with failure in introducing reputable Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) programme as well as theories such as Oscar Newmans Defensible Space (1996), has led to privatisation of space at unprecedented before scale. Over the past decade the increasing privatisation of space in the form of gated enclaves has been one of the main discourse topics amongst architectural, urban and sociological loops of Polish society. In many instances it has been pejoratively compared to a contemporary form of ghettos (GƦdecki: 2009, Zaborska: 2006 et al.). This rundown section of cities has been extensively depicted in Martyna Obarskas essay (2008), in which the author uses Calimanis The History of Venetian Ghetto (2002) and eventually San Gerolamo as an example of a space completely separated from the citys context , where admittance was supervised by specially hired forces. Interestingly, not all inhabiting Jews negatively perceived the forming of ghettoes. On many occasions a closed off district has been associated with security, protecting the occupants from Christians discrimination, and where individuals choices have not been stigmatized. All Jews should live together in a housing quarter, such as the Ghetto near San Gerolamo. They should not walk around by night too. From inside of the ghetto, where the small bridge is positioned and its opposite side, two gates will be erected. They will be open able at dawn at the sound of the Maragon and closed by night, at midnight. The inhabitants will need to designate and pay a fee to four Christian guards to operate these [gates Author] San Gerolamo, Ghetto Decret: 1515 Calimani, R. The History of Venetian Ghetto (2002) Historically and conceptually closer to Poland is the Warsaw Ghetto the symbol of oppression and suffering of the Warsaw Jews. Formed within allocated city districts and separated from the rest of the city with an elevated wall during the II World War by the Nazi occupational authorities. This is the time when ghetto became the synonym of ignorance, filth and squalor and the thought horizons narrowness. Castellino (2005) remarks how the meaning of the term ghetto changes dramatically at different points of history. Although this words undertone has always been pejorative, the rationale behind forming ghettos in early Venetian times cannot be put on a par with them being ingloriously created during the governance of the Nazi regime during II World War. The Author believes that the term gated communities needs to be assessed against local rationales, as its undertone can recall more affirmative connotations in some urban settings, similarly to the two presented ghetto precedents. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the passion for improvisation, which demands that space and opportunity be at any price preserved. Buildings are used as a popular stage. They are all divided into innumerable, simultaneously animated theatres. Balcony, courtyard, window, gateway, staircase, roof are at the same time stages and boxes. Walter Benjamin One Way Street, 1924 THE NEW TREND (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Concrete slab estates Everyday I stand stock-still How can you build this s*** How can you breed And than not reign Over this bunch, that snuffels the same (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staszewski, K. (2000): Kazik Chcem piwa! (I want beer!) The fashion for enclosed communities seem to gain new believers. Quiet green, The beech manor, Sky blue cirque, Sunny slope, Green apartment- these are some names that the developers want to lure their potential customers with, names that conjoin with a safe and happy living, a green garden, fun circus for your children and an equivalent comrades. But are those expectations being fulfilled? Or is this only a catchy marketing slogan that the developers happily use? According to the internet site Tabelaofert.pl the majority of new apartments on the market are situated on enclosed areas. Only in Warsaw (1.7 million citizens) on 106 available estates, 81 are fenced (69 of them are being guarded round the clock). The case looks differently in other large cities. In Wroclaw (0.8 million citizens) 18 in 31 investments are enclosed, Gdynia (0.4 million citizens)- 9 out of 16, Gdansk (0.6 million)- 11 out of 24 ( Poznan (0.8 million)- half of 16 new investments. Surprisingly, in the cultural capital of Poland, and the second largest city- Cracow (population of 1.2 million)- only 3 out of 14. These numbers actually confirm the states capitals citizens snobbish mind-set, feeling of being above other parts of the country and by implication- having the necessity of guarding their belongings from the conquest of citizens originated in other parts of Poland. Is there a new trend? Which social layers inhabit gated communities? How gated communities are being perceived? How gated communities in Poland are being advertised / marketed? Sympathetic naming of these developments to be highlighted (Quiet Green, The Beach Manor, Sky Blue Cirque, Sunny Slope, Green Apartment etc.) Costs of living in gated communities in Poland / How does it compare to the per capita income of an ordinary citizen? Does it exclude some social layers right from the start? Affordability It is enough to compare the appearance of neighbourhoods that are gated and non-gated to understand the reasons behind restricting access to several public spaces. Well-taken-care-of, carefully maintained, clean and well managed- it is almost exclusively those [neighbourhoods (PolaÅ„ska: 2010)] gated by high fences or watched over by guards. Devastated, worn-out, trampled, decorated with daubes on their walls, with cars parking wherever its possible- these are those opened to the public, where the order is theoretically supposed to be protected by the police, but nobody is protecting in practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ PiÄâ„ ¢kno Kapitalizmu (The Beauty of Capitalism) Majcherek, A. Gazeta Wyborcza, November 15, 2007 (translation: PolaÅ„ska: 2010) SOCIO-URBAN IMPACT OF GATED COMMUNITIES ____ (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Ajajajaj I think Ill leave the house Have a wonder around the city Ajajajaj Ajajajaj My estate is guarded Sometimes I feel here Like in Auschwitz Or in custody But I like it here I live here a while Although I wasnt born here Ive been always a visitor Ajajajaj (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Staczyk, Z. (2001): T-Love ZÅ‚y Wtorek (Bad Tuesday) THE SOLUTION (CASE/COMPARISON STUDIES) CASE STUDIES: Two Gated Estates in SÅ‚upsk / Poland: Two estates situated in authors home town, which have been gated after the proposal put forward by the housing association has been voted for. One with a higher crime figure than the other. The author believes that the crime figures differ because of the setting of both of these enclaves. The fence creates only an aura of security. Estate 1: suburbs / surrounded by single family homes / new built hospital on the other side of the street / greenery well groomed (small patches of green space within) / no security (Defensible Space Theory O. Newman milieu- proof of frequent appearance of inhabitants) / one local shop, accessed from within the gated community (from residents interviews the gates had to be opened to the wider public [pedestrian access], as the local shop could not be supported by the clients from within the community only. The same problem has been encountered in Marina Mokotà ³w. -Estate 2: city centre / surrounded by various types of housing blocks / no local shop within gated community / local park possible thieves hide out? / no security (approx 200m) From residential interviews: both of these communities suffer from lack of internal open green / play space, mainly used for car parking shared Dogs not allowed to be taken for a walk within the gated blocks. Children play space: within the community (shared surface) or outside the gates. Comparing to Marina Mokotà ³w: Size of the gated communities 1 2 occupy one city block -Marina Mokotà ³w Warsaw / Poland KuryÅ‚owicz Associates Biggest new built gated community in Warsaw (22 ha). Number of units: 1500 (residential buildings, houses, residences). Overall green / play space within gated community: approx. 60%. From Architects interview (found on the web) original design: whole land to be fenced. Result: whole land fenced + individual buildings within the gated community fenced additionally. Highest quality materials used throughout / gardens, alleys, squares, fountains, waterfalls, pergolas, lake, internal roads within GC (city within a city?) / ground floor uses: trading posts, restaurants, bars, shops etc. (again, gates had to be opened to the wider public [pedestrian access], as the local shops could not be supported by the clients from within the community only: Crisis In Marina Mokotà ³w: barriers up Gazeta StoÅ‚eczna. 17 September 2009) encountered huge dissatisfaction / opposition from local residents. Off street car parking (insufficient number ) / underground car parking (additional fee) Bibliography_V3: Atkinson, R., Flint, J., Blandy, S., Lister, D. 2003. Gated Communities in England, New Horizons project: University of Glasgow and Sheffield Hallam University Bartoszewicz, D. 2009. Kryzys w Marinie Mokotà ³w: szlabany w gà ³rÄâ„ ¢ (Crisis In Marina Mokotà ³w: barriers up) Gazeta StoÅ‚eczna. 17 September Blakely, J., Snyder, M. 1997. Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States, Washington, D.C. Brookings Institution Press Blandy, S. 2007. Gated Communities in England as a response to crime and disorder: context, effectiveness and implication

No Tax Dollars for Religious Education Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

No Tax Dollars for Religious Education Tax dollars are your money at work.   Do you want your money to go to fund private religious schools?   Tax dollars should not fund religious education because it is a violation of the separation of church and state clause of the first amendment to the constitution. Lately we have seen proposals for vouchers.   These vouchers are public money given to low income family so they may send their kids to private schools.   Most of the schools who use this program are religious.   In the Cleveland voucher program we see there were 3,761 children are enrolled and 96 percent of those children are attending religious schools.   Also 82 percent of the participating schools were sectarian.   This voucher program was challenged in the 6th circuit court with the Simmons-Harris v. Zelman case.   It was ruled the Cleveland voucher program â€Å"clearly has the impermissible effect on promoting sectarian schools†. Voucher plans have been brought up in many different places and most of the time they seem to receive the same reactions.   They are being shot down a...

Saturday Night at the Birthday Party

SATURDAY NIGHT AT THE BIRTHDAY PARTY Introduction: Saturday, March 13th 2004, my friend Hannah had a costume party for her 13-year-old son Jason. Hannah invited 13 children to Jason’s birthday costume party at her home in Kissimmee. The children’s ages ranged from three to thirteen years old. Mostly everyone came to her home dressed in colorful costumes. Some were friendly, scary or funny,others were homemade or store bought. A young married couple arrived around 4:30 pm with their three-year-old son, Matthew, who is the subject of this paper..His father John was dressed as a tattered bum and his wife Sarah was dressed as a friendly pretty witch. Little Matthew who is usually a white, blond hair male was dressed in a black cat outfit complete with the painted face to resemble a cat. He also wore the red nose, red cheeks and whiskers. He is tall and thin for his age. According to John and Sarah, Matthew’s parents, their son is a curious little boy by nature. Emoti onal Deveopment and Stranger Anxiety Matthew demonstrated a wide range of basic emotions as Kail and Cavanaugh predicted. Most scientists agree that complex emotions don’t surface until 18 to 24 months of age (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 186). † Complex emotions require the additional step of reflecting on one’s own behavior and how one feels about it. Matthew moved his big blue eyes as he scanned the busy room filled with wild assortments of costumes that floated around him. Matthew did not speak much but his facial expressions of wonderment seemed to say what his mouth did not. Sometimes, his face would light up with excitement and other times he seemed to be paralyzed by fear.He reacted to the hip-hop music by bouncing up and down and clapping his hands. Matthew demonstrated â€Å"stranger wariness; by the end of the first year the child becomes wary in the presence of an unfamiliar adult (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 188). † He ran to his mother and father and hid his face in his mother’s lap when someone approached him to try to engage him in a dance. Until then he appeared to have forgotten about his parents. His ability to explore and his quick return to his parents when frightened showed that he had a secure attachment to his mother’s presence (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 177).Temperament I myself was dressed as Raggedy Annie. Matthew did not seem to be impressed with or afraid of my costume. He showed much interest in some of the other more outrageous costumes i. e. : a Martian with antennas, and a â€Å"Bug’s Life† look alike. Matthew just simply sat and stared at other costumes. He also smiled and laughs at others. When his parents allowed him to move about freely, Matthew hesitated and clung to his parents. That did not last for very long. As the night wore on, Matthew adjusted to his freedom and ventured away from the safety of his parents. This behavior can be easily related to tempermen t. Temperament is a consistent style or pattern in a child’s behavior (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 93). † When Matthew was first introduced to his new environment, he seemed slow to the adjustment. He seemed to be processing new information rather than just reacting to it. His activity level was very low at first. As time passed, he became more and more comfortable in his new surroundings and began to respond to it more favorably. This is evidence of â€Å"Slow-To-Warm-Up† temperament in which the child’s behavior is initially inhibited and then becomes more like the Easy or Difficult temperament types.He did not pay much attention to the people who were not dressed in costumes. He did not play or laugh with them at all. Rather, he appeared to be more interested in the array of colorful costumes and the behavior that they were engaged in, either laughing and/or dancing. Psychosocial Development Erikson predicted that by age 2 children strive for autonomy , â€Å"independence from others and control over their own behavior (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 179). † Around 6:00 pm it was time to eat. John and Sarah tried to get Matthew to sit with them so that they could eat together.Matthew did not want to sit. He began to cry and pull away when his dad tried to lift him up. When they got Matthew to the table, Matthew did not want to eat. His parents tried everything. He was too excited about all that was going on around him. Clearly Matthew wanted to regulate what was and was not going to happen by exerting his independence so profoundly. He had demostrated his autonomy by resisting, crying, and pulling away. He is probably still going through his terrible two years. He has a strong will power, but it is short lived.His reaction to some of the other more scary costumes and his need to be in the safety of his parents at that time showed some doubt as to his ability to deal with the unexpected. Once again, Matthew became unsure of himself. Erikson would classify this type of behavior as â€Å"AUTONOMY vs SHAME & DOUBT†. Cognitive Development Some of the other guests sensing what was going on with Matthew, attempted to help John and Sarah. A happy smiling clown went over and played with Matthew. The clown got him to eat some of his hamburger and french fries.A white rabbit with a big fuzzy tail pretending to nibble on an orange carrot went over to play with him and Matthew laughed and played joyfully. A silly puppet went over and danced in front of Matthew. The puppet also got Matthew to eat a little more of his french fries and drink some of his apple juice. When the colorful clown and the silly puppet interacted with Matthew he reached out to them, smiled and laughed with them. They got him to eat. Then a hungry pig came over to Matthew and tried to play with him. Matthew cried and pulled away. A ghost and a Freddy Kruger look alike went to say hello to Matthew.Matthew cried, swatted his hands at them to leave, twisted away from them, and started yelling no-no. Matthew’s fear of Freddy reveals the quality of â€Å"Appearance as reality† which is characteristic of the Preoperational stage of cognitive development (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 138). During the preoperational stage, magical thinking is the rule and children have great difficulty distinguishing between fantasy and reality. In Matthew’s mind he believed the costumes were real. He believed the scary characters wanted to harm him (twisting away, swatting hands, crying out no no).His behavior was guided by a mistaken belief (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2004, pa. 123). I asked Matthew about the clown and the rabbit. Matthew said, â€Å"FUNNY, I WANT GO DOWN AND PLAY WITH THEM†. Matthew was also displaying â€Å"CONFUSION BETWEEN APPEARANCE AND REALITY†. Matthew is probably in the pre-operational stage of development. Although Matthew’s parents as well as he himself were dressed in costu mes he still could not understand that these where simply people dressed up as he and his parent’s were. Theory of Mind This behavior is typical for a pre-operational thinker.Piaget stated that children typically believe others see the world – literally and figuratively – exactly as they do. (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2004, pa. 134). Matthew may have seen these types of characters in other settings, like television. Based on the animated characters portrayals, and the way others reacted toward them, his memory has probably developed a schema toward those characters (fear-bad or friendly-nice). After getting permission from his parents I spoke with Matthew. I asked him why he cried when the pig and ghost tried to play with him? Matthew said because they are bad.Then I asked if the pig and the ghost had been mean to him. His reply was â€Å"SCARRY†. This statement has lead me to believe that Matthew was exercising a â€Å"theory of mind† by attributing mot ivations to the other characters (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 123). (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 186) Conclusion: In Matthew’s preoperational thinking, an object’s appearance tells what the object is really like. Matthew is learning how to assert his wishes and to categorize his likes and dislikes. He has a theory of mind which includes attributes of good vs. evil.He showed no emotion towards the people who were not in costumes even though they were strangers to him. He paid much more attention to the people who were in costumes and perceived them to be what they were imitating. Matthew distinguished between the clown, puppet, rabbit, pig, ghost and the â€Å"Freddy Kruger† look alike. He had and idea of what was safe and what was not safe, no matter how friendly they were to him. He demonstrated a wide range of emotion and secure attachment to his parents. Bibliography: Kail, V. C. , Cavanaugh, J. C. (2004). Human Development-A Life-Span View Belmont, CA. ; Wadsworth,

Blue-Collar Workers Essay

Blue-collar workers refer to employees performing manual labor generally, their jobs entails physical labor, such as in a factory or workshop. Blue-collar work may involve skilled or unskilled, manufacturing, mining, construction, mechanical, maintenance, technical installation and many other types of physical work. A higher level academic education is often not required for many blue-collar jobs. However, certain fields may require specialized training, licensing or certification as well as a high school diploma. Blue-collar work is often paid hourly wage-labor, although some professionals may be paid by the project or salaried. There is a wide range of pay scales for such work depending upon field of specialty and experience. The term blue collar has in the past implied a certain lack of worker education as well, but it is not the case nowadays. Today blue collar workers can be formally educated, skilled and highly paid. They can also earn more annually then some of their white collar counterparts. Eventually white-collar employees are paid more but compared to the past, blue-collar workers are respected and are fairly paid for their job. Blue collar jobs are any type of employment situations that involve manual labor that is compensated with an hourly wage rather than a salary. There are a number of different types of jobs that fall into this category, many of which provide a steady and attractive amount of income. Some of the more common examples of blue collar jobs are found in construction, mechanical repairs, plumbing, and electrical work.

Desperate Measures essays

Desperate Measures essays Desperate Measures Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. often stood up for something that is not popular, but an issue that is morally right. Some of his ideas included moderation and extremity. He practiced non-violence and peaceful protest. In his letter from a Birmingham jail he states, "In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps. The first is to determine whether there are injustices alive. The second is negotiation between the two-arguing parties. The third and fourth step is self-purification and direct action."# I believe in the saying, "Desperate times call for desperate measures." I do not believe that Dr. King would disagree with me, but his approach to a situation would be different from mine. I have used nonviolence to solve problems, but sometimes that always does not work. Sometimes one has to use alternative measures to get a point across. Many people remember the case of Rodney King. Rodney King became a reluctant symbol of police brutality a decade ago when amateur photographer George Holliday provided evidence that was hard to ignore. The videotape Holliday shot showed several white Los Angeles police officers using their batons to beat King, who had led them on a car chase after they tried to stop him for speeding, was broadcast around the world. The public and the media supported Rodney King and felt the police officers were wrong. But a Los Angeles jury seemed to ignore the video evidence. And when the four policemen charged with the beating were acquitted, it set off the worst riot in U.S. history. The King beating was followed by criticism of how police handled the 1992 riots and later the O.J. Simpson murder case. And now, the department is struggling with a corruption scandal in its Rampart Division that has led to charges against five officers, dismissal of more than 30 others and more than 100 convictions being overturned.# ...

Comparison of Wesley and Whitfield on Grace and Predestination Essay - 1

Comparison of Wesley and Whitfield on Grace and Predestination - Essay Example Prior to his departure, Whitefield’s sermon dwelling on â€Å"On the Nature and Necessity of Our Regeneration or New Birth in Christ Jesus† based on 2 Corinthians 5: 17 â€Å"if any man is in Christ he is a new creature.† In his sermon of 1737, â€Å"the doctrine of our generation, new birth in Christ Jesus† can be regarded as one of the most fundamental. Whitefield warned that it is a â€Å"fatal mistake† to separate what God had inseparably joined together, and anticipate being justified by Christ devoid of sanctification.1 Whitefield’s doctrine paralleled those of John Wesley’s sermon entitled â€Å"Salvation by Faith.† Wesley concluded that the call to the righteousness, which permeates the Old and New Testament, was the prominent theme of Scripture. Whitefield sermons demonstrated that he agreed wholly with the Wesley that â€Å"nothing but a guarantee that people are born again that all are members of Christ united to Him by one and to the Holy Spirit that He was actuated† can fulfill the heart of man.2 The three also concurred on the nature and degree of the sanctification started through the work of the Holy Spirit within regeneration. When George Whitefield left England in 1739, he was appreciated as a leader of the evangelical awakening. Whitefield handed over his followers to John Wesley’s; nevertheless, when he returned in 1741, Whitefield found that a majority of his spiritual children were hostile to the extent that they sent threatening messages to him that God will speedily destroy him. This emanated from by the fact that, on Whitefield’s departure, Wesley had published a sermon titled â€Å"Free Grace,† which professed to be founded upon, Roman 8:32. John Wesley’s sermon, published in August 1739 and attempted to demonstrate how God’s Grace is â€Å"free in all and free for all.†

Business Law exam 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law exam 2 - Essay Example This indicates that the female employee was not being pressurized through organizational apparatus to socialize with the male employee. There is some indication to the creation of a hostile environment by the female employee herself by socializing with a male employee in this fashion. The female employee’s adverse reaction to the male employee’s advances changed the situation altogether. She was denied fair compensation and pay raise for her work. There is little explanation for the sudden fall in her quality of work from the company’s end making coercion through official apparatus a strong possibility. The lack of response from the human resources department especially its lack of providing a sexual harassment mechanism to deal with the situation is also clear. This also serves to indicate that employer and his other agents were fully aware and complacent over the situation. The female employee had to seek psychiatric assistance in order to resolve her issues, w hich in turn indicate grievous damage to herself. Such conduct had both a â€Å"deleterious† as well as â€Å"severe and pervasive† effect on the female employee without doubt. Furthermore, the harassment occurred during employment which makes the employer vicariously liable. The move by the male employee to settle down the situation by offering greater rewards also casts doubt on the male employee’s motives. Given the circumstances of the case, it is clear that sexual harassment laws apply to the case. The employer’s attitude of ignoring complaints made by the female employee means that the tort of Constructive Damage has been set in motion. On another note, it is clear that although sexual undertones and overtones may have existed in the organization but these were latent only. In this fashion, such sexual tones cannot be considered as hostile environment. Furthermore, the female employee’s outstanding performance in the first six